Linear voltage regulator

A linear voltage regulator is an electronic component that is used to provide a stable and regulated output voltage, typically from a less stable or variable input voltage. The primary purpose of a linear voltage regulator is to ensure that the output voltage remains constant, regardless of changes in the input voltage or variations in the load connected to it. These regulators are widely used in electronic circuits where a stable and precise voltage supply is essential.


Here are some key characteristics and features of linear voltage regulators:


Regulation:


Linear voltage regulators maintain a constant output voltage by actively adjusting their internal circuitry. They are designed to minimize the effects of input voltage fluctuations and changes in load conditions.

Dropout Voltage:


Dropout voltage refers to the minimum voltage difference between the input and output of the regulator for it to maintain regulation. Linear regulators typically have a low dropout voltage.

Quiescent Current (Iq):


Quiescent current, or ground current, is the current consumed by the regulator even when there is no load. Linear regulators are known for low quiescent current, especially in low-power applications.

Types:


There are two main types of linear voltage regulators: series regulators and shunt regulators. Series regulators operate by controlling the current flow in series with the load, while shunt regulators control the current flow to ground.

Fixed and Adjustable Versions:


Linear voltage regulators are available in fixed output voltage versions, where the output voltage is set by the manufacturer. They also come in adjustable versions, allowing users to set the output voltage to a desired value using external components.

Applications:


Linear voltage regulators find applications in a wide range of electronic devices and systems, including power supplies for electronic circuits, battery charging circuits, voltage reference sources, and more.

Heat Dissipation:


Linear regulators dissipate excess energy as heat. This makes them less efficient than switching regulators, especially in applications with high voltage differences between the input and output.

Simplicity and Low Noise:


Linear voltage regulators are known for their simplicity and low output noise, making them suitable for applications where simplicity and low noise are important considerations.

Popular linear voltage regulator series include the LM78xx (positive voltage regulators) and LM79xx (negative voltage regulators) series. Manufacturers such as Texas Instruments, Analog Devices, and STMicroelectronics produce a variety of linear voltage regulators to suit different application requirements.

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